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<title>Beiting Protectorate</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beiting Protectorate</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Beiting" redirects here. For the American priest, see <a href="Ralph_W._Beiting" title="Ralph W. Beiting">Ralph W. Beiting</a>. For the Palestinian village, see <a href="Beitin" title="Beitin">Beitin</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Beiting Protectorate(-General)</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">北庭(大)都護府</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">北庭(大)都護府</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">(Grand) Protectorate of the Northern Court</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Běitíng (Dà) Dūhùfǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Pei-t'ing (Ta) Tu-hu-fu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of a series on the</div></th>

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<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of <span class="fn org label">Xinjiang</span></a></th>

</tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric and ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> (<a href="Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Yanbulaq_culture" title="Yanbulaq culture">Yanbulaq culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li>

<li><a href="Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li>

<li><a href="Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>

<ul><li>(<a href="Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li>

<li><a href="Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li>

<li><a href="Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li>

<li><a href="Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; )</li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li>

<li><a href="Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li>

<ul><li>(<a href="Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Xinjiang_Province%2C_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a>

<ul><li>(<a href="Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li>

<li><a href="First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a>

<ul><li>(<a href="Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a>

<ul><li><a href="Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>The <b>Beiting Protectorate-General</b>, initially the <b>Beiting Protectorate</b>, was a <a href="Protectorate_(imperial_China)" title="Protectorate (imperial China)">Chinese protectorate</a> established by the <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in 702 to control the Beiting region north of <a href="Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> in contemporary <a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> set up the Beiting Protectorate in Ting Prefecture (<a href="Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Jimsar County</a>) and granted it governorship over Yi Prefecture (<a href="Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Hami</a>) and Xi Prefecture (Gaochang). The Beiting Protectorate ended in 790 when Tingzhou was conquered by the <a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>. The ruins, along with other sites along the <a href="Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, were inscribed in 2014 on the <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> as the <a href="Silk_Roads%3A_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang'an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor</a> World Heritage Site.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In 702 Wu Zetian set up the Beiting Protectorate in Ting Prefecture (<a href="Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Jimsar County</a>) and granted it governorship over Yi Prefecture (<a href="Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Hami</a>) and Xi Prefecture (<a href="Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200858_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200858-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 715 the Tibetan Empire attacked the Beiting Protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013157_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013157-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 735 the <a href="T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a> attacked Ting Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200319_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200319-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 755 the <a href="An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> occurred and the Tang dynasty withdrew 200,000 soldiers from the Western Regions to protect the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2013167_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2013167-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 764 the Tibetan Empire invaded the <a href="Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a> and conquered <a href="Wuwei%2C_Gansu" title="Wuwei, Gansu">Liang Prefecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cutting off the Anxi and Beiting from the Tang dynasty. However the Anxi and Beiting protectorates were left relatively unmolested under the leadership of Guo Xin and Li Yuanzhong.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 780 Li Yuanzhong was officially made protectorate general of Beiting after sending secret messages to <a href="Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Dezong of Tang">Emperor Dezong of Tang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 781 the <a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> conquered Yi Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 789 the monk <a href="Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> passed through Ting Prefecture and found that the Chinese commander there was Yang Xigu.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 790 the Tibetan Empire conquered Ting Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 792 the Tibetan Empire conquered Xi Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Tibetan_domination">Post-Tibetan domination</h2></div>

<p>In the immediate aftermath of the Tibetan conquest of Xi Prefecture, it was taken by the <a href="Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>, after which the area became the border between the two empires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987156_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987156-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Zhang_Yichao" title="Zhang Yichao">Zhang Yichao</a> rebelled against Tibetan rule in Sha Prefecture (<a href="Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>) in 848. In 850 he recaptured Yi Prefecture, in 851 Xi Prefecture, and in 866 Ting Prefecture. However he immediately lost Ting and Xi prefectures as well as Luntai (<a href="%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>) to the <a href="Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a>. In 876 Yi Prefecture was also captured by the Kingdom of Qocho.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_protector_generals">List of protector generals</h2></div>

<ul><li>Zhang Song (張嵩) 722</li>

<li>Ge Jiayun (蓋嘉運) 736</li>

<li>Li Yuanzhong (李元忠) 780</li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional">

<div class="gallerytext">Unearthed at the <a href="Astana_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Graves">Astana Graves</a> in 1972 from the tomb number 187. The background contains a bamboo plant. The image was to the right side of an image of a woman playing go. The tomb also contained a copy of the book "Tian Bao San Zai" dated to the year 744.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Unearthed at the <a href="Astana_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Graves">Astana Graves</a> in 1972 from the tomb of Zhang Lichen (655-702).</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Unearthed in 1972 from the tomb of Zhang Lichen (655-702).</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Unearthed at the <a href="Astana_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Graves">Astana Graves</a> from the tomb number 187</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Unearthed at the <a href="Astana_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Graves">Astana Graves</a> from the tomb number 187</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Unearthed at the <a href="Astana_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Graves">Astana Graves</a> from the tomb number 187</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Unearthed at the Astana Graves in 1972 from the tomb number 187. The tomb also contained a copy of the book "Tian Bao San Zai" dated to the year 744.</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_China_before_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of China before 1911">Chinese military history</a></li>

<li><a href="Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005104_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrompp2005">Drompp 2005</a>, p. 104.</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442/multiple=1&unique_number=1985">"Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200858-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong200858_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2008">Xiong 2008</a>, p. 58.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200319-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200319_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 19.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987149_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 149.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%83%E5%BF%A0">"舊唐書"</a>. <i>中國哲學書電子化計劃</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2017</span>. <q>上元元年，河西軍鎮多為吐蕃所陷。有舊將李元忠守北庭，郭昕守安西府，二鎮與沙陀、回鶻相依，吐蕃久攻之不下。In the first year of the Shangyuan era [760], the Hexi Army Defense Command fell to the Tibetans. Beiting and Anxi were guarded by Li Yuanzhong and the old general Guo Xin, who along with the Shatuo and Uyghurs, were able to prevent the Tibetans from taking the two garrisons.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=456206&searchu=%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%83%E5%BF%A0">"舊唐書"</a>. <i>中國哲學書電子化計劃</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2017</span>. <q>建中元年，元忠、昕遣使間道奏事，德宗嘉之，以元忠為北庭都護，昕為安西都護。In the first year of the Jianzhong era [780], Yuanzhong and Xin dispatched envoys through a remote path to memorialize the emperor. Dezong commended them and Yuanzhong became protector-general of Beiting while Xin became protector-general of Anxi.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregel200321-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregel200321_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBregel2003">Bregel 2003</a>, p. 21.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/lzh/t780a">"佛說十力經"</a>. <i>Sutta Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987156-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith1987156_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1987">Beckwith 1987</a>, p. 156.</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2000" class="citation cs2">Soucek, Svat (2000), <i>A History of Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTakata2015" class="citation cs2">Takata, Tokio (2015), <i>The Chinese Language in Turfan with a special focus on the Qieyun fragments</i>, Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThumb2012" class="citation cs2">Thumb, Rian (2012), <i>Modular History: Identity Maintenance before Uyghur Nationalism</i>, The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2012</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWang2013" class="citation cs2">Wang, Zhenping (2013), <i>Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War</i>, University of Hawaii Press</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1930" class="citation cs2">Winchester, Bapsy Pavry Paulet Marchioness (1930), <i>The Heroines of Ancient Persia: Stories Retold from the Shāhnāma of Firdausi. With Fourteen Illustrations</i>, The University Press</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWink1997" class="citation cs2">Wink, André (1997), <i>Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries</i>, BRILL</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation cs2">Wink, André (2002), <i>Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries</i>, BRILL</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFXiong2008" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor (2008), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></cite></li>

<li><a href="Xue_Zongzheng" title="Xue Zongzheng">Xue</a>, Zongzheng (薛宗正). (1992). <i>Turkic peoples</i> (突厥史). Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-7-5004-0432-3</bdi>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/28622013">OCLC 28622013</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYakup2005" class="citation cs2">Yakup, Abdurishid (2005), <i>The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur</i>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYule1915" class="citation cs2">Yule, Henry (1915), <i>Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China</i>, Asian Educational Services</cite></li></ul>

</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protectorates_and_Protectorates-General_of_the_Tang_dynasty97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protectorates_and_Protectorates-General_of_the_Tang_dynasty97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Protectorate_(imperial_China)" title="Protectorate (imperial China)">Protectorates and Protectorates-General</a> of the <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi ("Pacify the West")</a>

<ul><li><small><a href="Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons</a></small></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Yanran→Hanhai→Anbei→Zhenbei ("Pacify the North")</a></li>

<li><a href="Annam_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annam (province)">Annan ("Pacify the South")</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Andong ("Pacify the East")</a></li>

<li><a href="Dongyi_Protectorate" title="Dongyi Protectorate">Dongyi ("Eastern Barbarians")</a></li>

<li>Chanyu→Yunzhong</li>

<li>Baoning ("Peacekeeping")</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_dynasty_topics175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tang_dynasty_topics175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_(Timeline)175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History (<a href="Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li>

<li><a href="Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate Incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang–Eastern Turks War</a></li>

<li><a href="Emperor_Taizong's_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li>

<li><a href="Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li>

<li><a href="Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li>

<li><a href="Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang–Western Turks War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Aksu_(717)" title="Battle of Aksu (717)">Battle of Aksu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianbao_War" title="Tianbao War">Tianbao War</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li>

<li><a href="An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li>

<li><a href="Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan">Annan</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a>

<li><a href="House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li>

<li><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a>

<ul><li><a href="Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li>

<li><a href="Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ol><li><a href="Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chengde_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Chengde (Tang dynasty)">Chengde</a></li>

<li><a href="Weibo_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Weibo (Tang dynasty)">Weibo</a></li>

<li><a href="Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Youzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Zhaoyi" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Zhaoyi</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Pinglu" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Pinglu</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Huaixi_(Zhangyi)" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Huaixi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<li><a href="Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li>

<li><i><a href="A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Huaisu's_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Companion_statues%3A_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li>

<li><a href="Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autumn_Dew" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li>

<li><a href="Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li>

<li><a href="Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li>

<li><a href="Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667)

<ul><li><i><a href="Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li>

<li><a href="Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.)

<ul><li><i><a href="Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826)

<li><a href="Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804)

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li>

<li><a href="Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.)

<ul><li><i><a href="Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li>

<li><a href="Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li>

<li><a href="He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li>

<li><a href="Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li>

<li><a href="Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li>

<li><a href="Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li>

<li><a href="Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li>

<li><a href="Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li>

<li><a href="Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li>

<li><a href="Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li>

<li><a href="Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li>

<li><a href="Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li>

<li><a href="Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li>

<li><a href="Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li>

<li><a href="Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li>

<li><a href="Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li>

<li><a href="Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li>

<li><a href="Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li>

<li><a href="Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li>

<li><a href="Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li>

<li><a href="Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li>

<li><a href="Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li>

<li><a href="Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li>

<li><a href="Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li>

<li><a href="Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li>

<li><a href="Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li>

<li><a href="Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li>

<li><a href="Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li>

<li><a href="Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li>

<li><a href="Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li>

<li><a href="Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li>

<li><a href="Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li>

<li><a href="Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li>

<li><a href="Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li>

<li><a href="Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li>

<li><a href="L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>

<li><a href="Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a>

<ul><li><a href="Xi'an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_and_technology175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640)

<ul><li><i><a href="Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592–672)</li>

<li><a href="Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a>

<ul><li><i>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670)

<ul><li><i><a href="Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li>Su Jing

<ul><li><i><a href="Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li>

<li><a href="Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724)

<ul><li><i><a href="Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li>

<li><a href="Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Xinjiang_topics585" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Pre-Han dynasty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li>

<li><a href="Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li>

<li><a href="Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></li>

<li><a href="Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li>

<li>* <a href="Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li>

<li><a href="Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Yi%E2%80%93Ta_incident" title="Yi–Ta incident">Yi–Ta incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_Hard_Campaign_Against_Violent_Terrorism" title="Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism">Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">"Three Mountains and Two Basins"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_high-speed_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang high-speed railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Xinjiang_railway" title="Southern Xinjiang railway">Southern Xinjiang railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Xinjiang_railway" title="Northern Xinjiang railway">Northern Xinjiang railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Jinghe%E2%80%93Yining%E2%80%93Khorgos_railway" title="Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway">Jinghe–Yining–Khorgos railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuytun%E2%80%93Beitun_railway" title="Kuytun–Beitun railway">Kuytun–Beitun railway</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi%E2%80%93Dzungaria_railway" title="Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway">Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Hami%E2%80%93Lop_Nur_railway" title="Hami–Lop Nur railway">Hami–Lop Nur railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashgar%E2%80%93Hotan_railway" title="Kashgar–Hotan railway">Kashgar–Hotan railway</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Railway_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_Group" title="China Railway Ürümqi Group">China Railway Ürümqi Group</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a><br>Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics">Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory">Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Xinjiang#Culture" title="Xinjiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li>

<li><a href="Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li>

<li><a href="Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li>

<li><a href="Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Cotton_and_Cotton_Yarn_Trading_Center" title="National Cotton and Cotton Yarn Trading Center">National Cotton and Cotton Yarn Trading Center</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Free-Trade_Zone" title="Xinjiang Free-Trade Zone">Xinjiang Free-Trade Zone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li>

<li><a href="Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li>

<li><a href="Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li>

<li><a href="Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Afghanistan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Afghanistan relations">China–Afghanistan relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">China–Tajikistan relations</a></li>

<li><a href="China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Uyghur_people" title="History of the Uyghur people">History of the Uyghur people</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li>

<li><a href="Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li>

<li><a href="Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li>

<li><a href="Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li>

<li><a href="Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yongle_Emperor's_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li>

<li><a href="Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li>

<li><a href="Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li>

<li><a href="China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-02-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Beiting_Protectorate&oldid=1207902880">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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